The Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project (SERAP) and the Nigerian
Guild of Editors (NGE) have filed a lawsuit against the National Broadcasting
Commission (NBC) over “the arbitrary, unconstitutional, and unlawful ‘Formal
Notice’, which threatens to sanction broadcast stations and presenters for allegedly
‘expressing personal opinions as facts, bullying or intimidating guests, or failing to
maintain neutrality.’”
The NBC had recently threatened to sanction broadcast stations and presenters who
‘express personal opinions as facts’ or ‘bully and intimidate guests,’ claiming it had
‘identified a sustained increase in breaches of the 6th Edition of the Nigeria
Broadcasting Code across news, current affairs, and political programmes.’
In the suit number FHC/L/CS/854/2026 filed last Friday at the Federal High Court,
Lagos, SERAP and NGE are asking the court “to determine whether the various
provisions of the Nigeria Broadcasting Code relied upon by the NBC to threaten
broadcasters are inconsistent with the Nigerian Constitution 1999 (as amended) and
the country’s international human rights obligations.”
SERAP and NGE are asking the court for “a declaration that the provisions of the 6 th
Edition of the Broadcasting Code used by the NBC are vague and overly broad and
constitute a fundamental breach of freedom of expression and media freedom
guaranteed by the Nigerian Constitution and international human rights standards.”
SERAP and NGE are also seeking “an order of interim injunction restraining the
NBC, its agents or privies, whether jointly or severally or any other authority from
imposing sanctions on broadcast stations and presenters based on the patently
unlawful provisions of the 6th Edition of the Broadcasting Code, pending the hearing
and determination of the motion on notice filed simultaneously in this suit.”

In the suit, SERAP and NGE are arguing that: “Unless the reliefs sought are granted,
the NBC will continue to use the provisions of the 6th Edition of the Broadcasting
Code to threaten and sanction broadcast stations and presenters solely for carrying
out their constitutional responsibilities and exercising their rights.”
SERAP and NGE are also arguing that, “The Nigerian Constitution and international
human rights law protect both the absolute right to hold opinions and the qualified
right to express ideas of all kinds. Journalistic opinion is protected expression.”
Human rights lawyer, Mr Femi Falana (SAN) would lead a team of senior lawyers to
represent SERAP and NGE in the lawsuit.
The originating summons, motion exparte, motion on notice and affidavit of urgency
filed in court, read in part: “Value judgments are not susceptible of proof and enjoy
heightened protection. Journalism necessarily includes analysis and commentary.”
“The right to impart ideas necessarily includes opinions, commentary, and analysis.
A blanket prohibition on the expression of ‘personal opinions by anchors and
presenters’ amounts to an impermissible restriction to this right.”
“Journalists are entitled to express their opinions as a matter of professional
standard, including commentary and analytical expression, which lie at the very core
of journalistic practice and democratic discourse.”
“The Nigerian Constitution is the supreme law, and any law that is inconsistent with it
is null and void. The Nigeria Broadcasting Code, as subsidiary legislation, cannot
override constitutional rights or exceed its enabling Act. Provisions that are vague
and overly broad unlawfully restrict freedom of expression and must be struck down.”
“Under Article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, a State may not
invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform
international treaties, including the human rights treaties to which Nigeria is a state
party.”
“The Nigeria Broadcasting Code, as subsidiary legislation, is subject to the Nigerian
Constitution and cannot override fundamental rights. Its vague and overly broad
provisions grant excessive discretion and undermine freedom of expression. Such
impermissible restrictions are unconstitutional and should be struck down.”
“The NBC’s claim of a ‘crisis of anchor and presenter professionalism’ as justification
for restrictive measures is legally insufficient and cannot be a permissible ground of
derogation from freedom of expression. Any limitation on the rights must be
reasonably justifiable in a democratic society.”
“The blanket prohibition imposed by Section 1.10.3 of the Nigeria Broadcasting
Code, which prohibits presenters from expressing opinions. This amounts to prior
restraint that impermissibly excludes commentary, analysis, and value
judgments—the core of journalism and democratic discourse.”

“Section 1.10.3 amounts to a form of prior censorship or restraint. Such a blanket
restriction fails the legal tests of legality, necessity and proportionality required in a
democratic society.”
“The NBC’s reliance on multiple vague provisions of the Broadcasting Code to
classify a wide range of presenter conduct as ‘Class B breaches’ attracting sanctions
is contrary to the Nigerian Constitution and international human rights law.”
“Section 39 of the Nigerian Constitution, article 9 of the African Charter on Human
and Peoples’ Rights and article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights to which Nigeria is a state party guarantee the right to ‘receive and impart
ideas and information without interference.’”
“Under the Nigerian Constitution and international human rights law, restrictions
must pursue a legitimate aim and be necessary and proportionate. The NBC’s
reliance on an undefined and subjective standard of ‘professionalism’ introduces
vagueness and opens the door to arbitrary enforcement.”
“While the prohibition of misuse of broadcast platforms by political actors is a
legitimate concern, it does not justify sweeping or repressive regulatory measures
that infringe on fundamental human rights.”
“Addressing any alleged misuse must be grounded in lawful, precise, necessary, and
proportionate responses that respect freedom of expression and editorial
independence.”
“Ahead of the 2027 general elections, the NBC’s Formal Notice undermines
Nigerians’ democratic rights to receive diverse information, hear competing political
viewpoints, and engage in open debate.”
“Rather than curbing misuse, such measures risk entrenching self-censorship,
limiting scrutiny of political actors, and weakening the media’s essential role in
ensuring transparent, accountable, and credible elections.”
“While certain aims such as preventing harassment or ensuring fairness in
broadcasting may be legitimate, the provisions as invoked by the NBC are vague,
overbroad, and susceptible to arbitrary interpretation.”
“The threat of sanctions for broadly defined conduct creates a chilling effect on
journalists and broadcasters, thereby undermining constitutional guarantees and
international human rights standards.”
“The provisions of the Broadcasting Code are not formulated with sufficient precision
to enable individuals regulate their conduct. The imposition of administrative
sanctions without adequate procedural safeguards raises fair hearing concerns.”
“The NBC’s enforcement posture transforms regulatory oversight into a regime of
indirect censorship. While the regulation of misinformation may constitute a
legitimate aim, the prohibition on presenters expressing ‘personal opinion as fact’ is
framed in vague and overly broad terms that fail the requirement of legal certainty.”

“The absence of clear definitions distinguishing fact from opinion renders the
provision prone to arbitrary application, thereby creating a chilling effect on legitimate
journalistic expression and debate.”
“Although the prevention of harassment in broadcasting is a legitimate regulatory
objective, the provisions of the NBC’s notice prohibiting ‘bullying or intimidation’ lack
clear and objective criteria, and fail the requirement of precision and foreseeability.”
“The undefined scope of ‘bullying’ or ‘intimidation’ risks capturing critical or
adversarial questioning, which is an essential feature of investigative journalism and
democratic discourse.”
“The notice would also seriously undermine the media’s constitutional role as a
public watchdog because any regulation that discourages rigorous questioning
undermines this function.”
“The requirement that broadcasters must always provide ‘fair hearing to opposing
views, while ostensibly grounded in principles of balance, imposes an impermissible
form of compelled speech and editorial control.”
“Apart from explicitly undermining editorial independence, such a requirement also
suppresses legitimate expression, and disregards the autonomy of journalists and
media houses. The requirement may also unduly burden or distort programming,
particularly in formats such as commentary or opinion-based shows.”
“The classification of the alleged conduct as a ‘Class B breach’ attracting sanctions,
including fines or suspension, constitutes a disproportionate interference with
freedom of expression and raises serious due process and fair hearing concerns.”
“The Nigerian Constitution and international human rights law provide that individuals
and entities are entitled to fair hearing before the imposition of penalties. Similarly,
sanctions affecting expression must be strictly necessary and proportionate.”
“The imposition of punitive measures based on vague and broadly defined
infractions creates a chilling effect on broadcasters, discouraging legitimate
journalistic activity and undermining democratic discourse. Such a regime of
sanctions also amounts to indirect or prior censorship.”
SERAP and NGE are therefore asking the court for the following reliefs:
1. A DECLARATION that Sections 1.10.3, 3.3.1(b), 3.4.1(b), 5.3.3(b), 3.1.1,
3.11.1(a), 5.4.1(f), 3.11.1(b), and 5.5.1(b) of the 6 th Edition of the Nigeria
Broadcasting Code, by reason of their vagueness and imprecision, constitute
a breach of the rights to freedom of expression and opinion and access to
information as guaranteed by the Nigerian Constitution and the country’s
international human rights obligations.
2. A DECLARATION that Sections 1.10.3, 3.3.1(b), 3.4.1(b), 5.3.3(b), 3.1.1,
3.11.1(a), 5.4.1(f), 3.11.1(b), and 5.5.1(b) of the 6 th Edition of the Nigeria
Broadcasting Code are overbroad, vague and fail to provide citizens and

broadcasting stations with sufficient notice of what constitutes a breach, and
are consequently unlawful, unconstitutional, null and void.
3. AN ORDER of the Court nullifying and setting aside Sections 1.10.3, 3.3.1(b),
3.4.1(b), 5.3.3(b), 3.1.1, 3.11.1(a), 5.4.1(f), 3.11.1(b), and 5.5.1(b) of the 6 th
Edition of the Nigeria Broadcasting Code for being inconsistent with, and
amounting to a fundamental breach of the rights to freedom of expression and
opinion, and access to information as guaranteed under the Nigerian
Constitution, the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
4. AN ORDER OF PERPETUAL INJUNCTION restraining the NBC, whether
jointly or severally or any other authority, person or group of persons from
enforcing, imposing sanctions, or levying fines on broadcast stations and
presenters based on the provisions of Sections 1.10.3, 3.3.1(b), 3.4.1(b),
5.3.3(b), 3.1.1, 3.11.1(a), 5.4.1(f), 3.11.1(b), and 5.5.1(b) of the 6 th Edition of
the Nigeria Broadcasting Code.

No date has been fixed for the hearing of the interim application and the substantive
suit.